Index funds, of both the mutual and exchange-traded variety, are hot--and that's a good reason for a contrarian like me to cast a skeptical eye on them. From the start of 2007 through February of this year (the latest figures reported by the
The rush to index funds has been a long time coming. The first index fund was launched 39 years ago, the creation of
The dozens of public funds (plus private investments) that mimic the S&P 500 have a total of
Measured by assets, Vanguard 500 Index is the second-largest mutual fund of any kind in the world. The only larger fund is a later Vanguard creation, Total Stock Market Index (VTSMX), which, by owning about 4,000 stocks, apes the entire universe of companies listed on U.S. exchanges. Index funds, including ETFs, today represent about one-fifth of total stock-fund assets, up from less than one-eighth in 2007.
You can buy an index fund to reflect practically any kind of investment you want, from junk bonds to
Behind the boom. Index funds have become so successful for four reasons. The first, and one of their biggest advantages, is that they don't need people to pick securities and so don't have to charge high management fees. The investor share class for both of the large Vanguard funds requires a minimum initial investment of just
The average no-load mutual fund that apes a diversified domestic stock index charges 0.38% in expenses, but the average no-load, diversified, actively managed mutual fund charges 0.90%. However, not every index fund is a bargain. For example, MainStay S&P 500 (MSXAX) charges 0.60% annually for expenses, plus a 3% up-front sales charge.
Expenses count! Imagine you invest
The second benefit of index funds is low turnover. Only a few dozen of the stocks that make up the S&P 500 change each year, so the average turnover of the Vanguard 500 fund is a mere 3%, compared with about 40% for a typical actively managed stock fund. Funds with higher turnover usually make higher capital-gains distributions to investors than do low-turnover funds, and that usually means higher tax bills for investors, unless they hold their funds in retirement accounts.
Third, index funds simplify your life. You don't have to spend hours analyzing the performance of active fund managers with an eye toward guessing who will do well in the future. As
Yes, outperform. And that's the fourth advantage. According to
But look closer. Over the past 10 years through
In my view, there is little difference in prospective returns between an index fund and a low-cost, low-turnover actively managed fund. And although the index fund will, by definition, never beat the market, the actively managed fund at least has a shot at doing so.
Superb low-cost large-cap alternatives to index funds include Dodge & Cox Stock (DODGX), with an expense ratio of 0.52%; Harbor Capital Appreciation (HACAX), which charges 0.65% a year; and Primecap Odyssey Growth (POGRX), with expenses of 0.63%. (Dodge & Cox is a member of the Kiplinger 25; for more on Primecap, see The Best Stock Pickers You've Never Seen). Over the past decade, the Dodge & Cox fund fell short of Vanguard 500's return by an average of 0.7 percentage point per year. The other two beat the index fund.
As Buffett says, "know-nothing investors" who can't be bothered making fund selections should be thrilled that Bogle invented the index fund. But the rest of us, who enjoy the chase--the intellectual excitement of doing research and taking the plunge--should revel in the choices that real live fund managers offer.
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James K. Glassman is a contributing columnist at Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine.