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Jewish World Review March 31, 2005 / 20 Adar II, 5765 ‘Gourmet’ and ‘gourmand’; using ‘lay’ for ‘lie’; source of ‘ritzy’ By Editors of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | Dear Editor: The words ‘gourmet’ and ‘gourmand’ clearly have a lot in common. What's the historical relationship between the two? —T.T., Mastic, N.Y. Dear T.T.: Although similar in both appearance and meaning, ‘gourmet’ and ‘gourmand’ have dissimilar histories. Both are French in origin, but aside from that similarity, their lineages are distinct. ‘Gourmet,’ which most commonly is used to refer to a connoisseur of food and drink, traces back to the Middle French ‘gromet,’ meaning ‘boy servant’ or ‘vintner's assistant.’ The French word later came to be used to refer to a connoisseur of wine, and by the time ‘gourmet’ appeared in English in the early 1800s, it had the meaning we most commonly give it today. ‘Gourmand’ made its appearance on the English scene long before ‘gourmet’ did. The term was borrowed from the French in the 15th century as a synonym for ‘glutton.’ (The ultimate origin of French ‘gourmand’ is not known.) Over the centuries ‘gourmand’ lost some of its harsher connotations, and by the 19th century it had developed a ‘connoisseur’ sense of its own, not unlike the meaning of ‘gourmet.’ ‘Gourmand’ has retained, however, its suggestion of a hearty appetite. It typically now describes a person who likes fine food and plenty of it. Dear Editor: I know that there are issues about the incorrect use of ‘lay’ for ‘lie.’ Can you explain the controversy and describe the correct use? —M.P., Providence, R.I. Dear M.P.: The correct use of ‘lay’ is one of the most popular subjects in the canons of English usage. In its approved uses, it is a transitive verb - that is, it takes a direct object, as in ‘Now I lay me down to sleep’ and ‘Be careful when you lay the book on the table.’ At issue is its intransitive use to mean ‘lie,’ as in ‘I need to lay down for a little while’ and ‘The book was laying on the table.’ The standard form of these examples would be ‘I need to lie down for a little while’ and ‘The book was lying on the table.’ There is evidence of ‘lay’ being used intransitively for ‘lie’ going back to the 14th century. No one seems to have worried about it until around 1770, but attempts to correct it have been a fixture of schoolbooks ever since. Generations of teachers and critics have succeeded in taming most literary and learned writing, but intransitive ‘lay’ persists in familiar speech and is a bit more common in general prose than one might suspect. The confusing similarity of the principal parts of the two words is to blame for much of the problem. The past tense of ‘lie’ is ‘lay’ and the past participle is ‘lain.’ The past and past participle forms of ‘lay’ are both ‘laid.’ Some commentators are ready to abandon the distinction between ‘lie’ and ‘lay,’ suggesting that ‘lay’ is on the rise socially. But if it does rise to respectability, it is sure to do so slowly: many people have invested effort in learning to keep ‘lie’ and ‘lay’ distinct. Dear Editor: Where did the word ‘ritzy’ come from? —D.B., San Francisco Dear D.B.: ‘Ritzy’ comes from the Ritz hotels, named for their founder, Cesar Ritz. Cesar Ritz opened the first Ritz hotels in London and Paris in 1905. He had built his reputation in the luxury hotel business with positions in fashionable European hotels and resorts where he cultivated connections with the old money of Europe and served as a guide and mentor to the nouveaux riches of America. After managing the new Savoy Hotel in London, Ritz opened his own luxury hotels, and his son carried on the tradition by opening Ritz hotels around the world. The fame of the hotels quickly made ‘the Ritz’ a well-known symbol of opulence. F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1922 titled one of his stories about the Jazz Age ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz.’ Even today, people will disparage their own humble residences with comparisons to the Ritz. ‘To put on the ritz’ came to mean ‘to indulge in ostentatious display,’ the meaning that Irving Berlin celebrated in his 1929 musical tribute to glitz, ‘Puttin' on the Ritz.’ The derivative adjective ‘ritzy’ was first recorded in 1920. For some, it is synonymous with ‘luxurious,’ ‘opulent,’ and ‘elegant.’ For others, it suggests ‘fashionable,’ ‘exclusive,’ and ‘classy.’ The extravagant luxury of the Ritz Hotels moves others to equate ‘ritzy’ with ‘ostentatious,’ ‘showy,’ ‘flashy,’ and ‘glitzy.’ When applied to persons, ‘ritzy’ tends to equal ‘pretentious,’ ‘snobbish,’ and ‘snooty.’ Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Readers may send questions to Merriam-Webster column, P.O. Box 281, 47 Federal St., Springfield, Mass. 01102. Comment by clicking here. © 2005 Merriam-Webster Inc. Distributed by Knight Ridder/Tribune Information Services

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